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'It is beyond all dispute." says the Rev. 8. Irenious Prime, Editor^of the t 
New York Observer, "the most remarkable compilation of ancient or modern 
times — having no equal before or since the invention of the art of printing, and 
future ages will prize it as one of the chief memorials of the first century of 
American Independence." 

Ex. Gov. John A. Dix says : •' I have watched it in its progress with great 
interest, and a high appreciation of its great value. Fifty years from this time 
it will, undoubtedly, have a value which cannot be estimated — as indeed it has 
now." 

Ex. Gov. Horatio Seymour says : ''It is a miricle of labor, arrangement 
and execution." 

Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, says : — •' It is the greatest work of the 
kin^ of which I have ever heard." 

Rev. Henry W. Bellows says: "It seems to mo almost a providential 
felicity that such a curious and unique record exists." 

Col. Duncan K. McRae of the late Confederate Army, says: — ''Its fair- 
ness. i)iipartiality and completeness catinot be too biglilv extolled " V 



Tim Washington Chronicle .said: — -'There is not an hour, during a session 
of ( 'ongress, when some fact, to confirm history or refute misrepresentation, is 
not found necessary, and the difficulty of finding a plan, to which immediate and 
reliable reference can be had. is constanrly felt. This work supplies; tli;it im- 
portant desideratum." 




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'•It is beyond all dispute," says the Rev. S. Irena-us Prime, Editor of the 
New York Observer, "the most remarkable compilation of ancient or modern 
times — having no equal before or since the invention of the art of printing, and 
iuture ages will prize it as one of the chief memorials of the first century of 
American Independence." , 



KEW YORK : 
Natuan Lane, Stationer and Printer, 09 Wall Street. 



SOCIETY LIBRARY BUILDING, 
67 Universitj Place, 

New York City. 



Deak Sir: 

By special request of well known citizens, the subscriber takes 
pleasure in presenting for your consideration a brief statement con- 
cerning the importance of one of the most notable historical pro- 
ductions in the world — known as " Townsend's Libraey of 
National, State and Individual Eecords," for the decade 
ending 1870 — comprising a collection of historical records concern- 
ing the origin, progress and consequences of our late civil war, 
such as has never been made by the industry of any other man — 
equal in magnitude to one thousand volumes of ordinary octavo 
vsize, and quite as remarkable in its way as the extraordinary 
contest which it depicts. "It is a work of peculiar interest," 
said the New York Eceniny Post, "in that it is the first attempt 
ever made to collect and arrange for the convenient use of future 
historians the record of great events as given from day to day 
during their occurrence, in the newspaper press." 

"The newspapers," said Carlyle, "constitute the essence of all 
history." They are the mirrors in which events show themselves 
in their very form and pressure. In his history of the French 



Revolution and of Frederick the Great, Carlyle has shown with 
what magnificent effect details may be used by the great histori- 
cal artist. It is not always that wliich appears to us momentous 
at tlie time that stands the test Really significant events are 
seldom estimated at their true value by those who witness them, 
while that which seems for the time being all-im])ortant turns 
out to be eventually hollow and mere blatant vacuity after all. 
Turn over the files of the American journals cotcmporary with 
tlie Revolution of 1776, and you wid see the value of the living 
records of the tim'es. The lion. John C. Hamilton, in a letter 
to a friend commendatory of Mr. Townsend's work, said: "In 
preparing my 'History of the Republic of the United States,' I 
'was, excepting the few papers of my father's during the period 
which elapsed Ijetween 1782 and '88, chiefly indebted to the 
newspapers for the materials of the work. Unless you have 
been engaged in a similar labor, you could not imagine the diffi- 
culty of preparing a valuable narrative from merely document- 
ary material." 

So, in after generations, the records of the transactions of our 
times will be equally marvelous, and it is not too much to say 
that the newspapers of the present age have necessitated a new 

style of history. 

" Where can we find greater accuracy than in the leading 
newspapers?" said Edward Everett. "The error which one 
paper makes is_ very speedily corrected by the others; and in 
this age of inquiry and debate, if Truth ever emerges from 
the well in whi-h she is said to abide, it is to clothe hei'seli 
in print." The Press is the mouth-piece of the people. Their 
aspirations, their purposes, their antipathies aie the staple of its 
argument day by day. There is not a wave, not a ripple in the 
minds of the community^ that it does not reflect. It occupies 
the position of a perpetual Congress, and the measures upon 
which it agrees are invariably adopted before any considerable 
lapse of time. Were it not for the Press, how few, compara- 
tively, of our most noted men would ever obtain celebrity ; how 
many of the grandest scenes in our history would have been left 
unrecorded — scenes toward which the minds of millions in future 
ages will turn with patriotic reverence. When we consider the 



multitudinous incidents of the decade between 1860 and 1870; 
when we reflect on the vast variety of important and exciting 
subjects included in the origin, progress and consequences of our 
great civil war, it will scarcely be considered exaggeration to say, 
that the transactions of that decade alone include more material 
for history interesting to the world than all that is recorded of 
the previous 240 years. Well may we remember the prophetic 
words of James Gallatin, uttered in the New York Chamber of 
Commerce in 1860, when he enthusiastically invoked his coun- 
trymen to arouse to the full importance of the crisis, saying that 
"History will make record ol our proceedings, and that record 
will be co)isulted by future generations for encouragement, for 
instruction, and for warning through all time.'" And well may 
we also remember the last words of the gallant Winthrop, one 
of the ear iest martyrs of the battle-field, when liis patriotic 
spirit breathed a hope that " Some competent person would keep 
a careful record of events, for we were making history with light- 
ning speed " But neither Gallatin nor Winthrop could then have 
foi-med any adequate idea of the long duration, the vast propor- 
tions and immense consequences of the war forced upon us for 
national self-preservation. And little could they imagine how 
stupendous was to be the amount of labor involved in keeping 
such a careful record of events. This, however, has happily been 
done by Mr. Thomas S. Townsend, of this city (New York), in a 
manner so complete and methodical, that all who in future years 
desire information concerning individuals or events in any way 
connected with or incidental to the Rebellion, will be enabled to 
find it as readily as a banker consults his accounts, On the 7th 
of November, 1874, the venerable William Cullen Bryant said: 
''The age has given birth to few literary undertakings which 
will bear comparison witli Mr, Townsend's w^ork for extent and 
importance. The com2)iling of a lexicon in any language is 
nothing to it. Tlie forty Academicians who compih d the Dic- 
tionary of the French Language were engaged in a far less labor- 
ious work than this of Mr. Townsend's, which is a library in 
itself." 

Mr. Townsend is fairly entitled to the credit of being i\\e first 
to demonstrate the unequalled importance of the Press, as a 
source of historical truth, by rescuing its boundless treasures 



6 

from their ephemeral exposure, and preserving and adopting 
them to the needs of the investigator. 

Such a work will lengthen the lives of the great men of the 
future, by rendering unnecessarj^ the immense waste of time 
which the want of ready and reliable information has hitherto 
imposed on historical writers. " The Rebellion has caused the 
production of more books than any other event in the history of 
the world, said the Erening Post. " The amount of paper and 
print that has been consumed in the issue of the different vol- 
umes and pamphlets upon the military, social and political as- 
pects of our civil strife, is immense, and copies have been sown 
broadcast throughout the land ; but when the time shall have 
arrived for the production of an impartial and dispassionate his- 
tory of the war, it is not to th^se works that the historian will be 
likely to look for his facts, but rather to the narrative of occur- 
rences as they appeared in the columns of the daily press. To 
arrange and classify ready for use the material he will there find, 
would be so great a labor, that it would alone be enough to deter 
many from entering upon the task."' 

It is difficult to conceive that an}' private citizen could have 
been found bold enough to undertake the task, and enthusiastic 
and brave enough to persevere amid extraordinary difficulties in 
forming such a Record as Mr. Townsend has done ; far surpassing 
anything of the kind that the British Museum, the Bibliotheq-ue 
Imperial of Paris, or any other lilirary in the world can ever 
possess. 

"I do not believe," said the Rev. Henry W. Bellows, "that 
another man competent to this task could have been found in 
the country, who would have given so many years of his life to 
this undertaking, and I make bold to say that it will never be 
done again, and that Mr. Townsend's peculiar personality is the 
main reason why it is done now, and can alone account for the 
existence of the Record. It seems to me almost a providential 
felicity that such a curious and unique record exists." 

Ex. Governor Dix testifies to its importance as follows : " j 
have watched it in its progress with great interest, and a high 



appreciation of its great value. Fifty years from tiiis time it will, 
undoubtedly, have a value which cannot be estimated — as indeed 
it has now." 

Ex. Governor Horatio Seymour says : " I look upon the work 
as a miracle of labor, arrangement and execution. It is not only 
necessary to the historian, but will be of great value to our Gov- 
ernment in the event of war or hostile complications with other 
nations." 

Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, in a letter to Mr. 
Townsend. says: " Your wonderful compilation is the greatest 
work of the kind of which I have ever heard." 

The manner in which prominent men of all parties have com- 
mended the work, is the very highest testimonial to the success 
with which the compiler has preserved and arranged everything 
requisite to satisfy impartial inquirers, now and in future ages, in 
every State in the Union, as there is hardly a family or locality 
in the land for which there may not be found some records con- 
cerning the share which their respective relatives and regions 
took in the great contest which so long convulsed the nation, 
and it deserves to be preserved as a great treasure-house of his- 
tory, accessible for future ages, for " it is a subject in which 
posterity, as well as the public of to-day" said the New York 
Worlds "is vitally interested." 

Never before were the annals of any country recorded with 
such fullness and impartiality. No better evidence of which can 
be desired than is afforded by the testimony of Col. Duncan K. 
McRae of the late Confederate Army, and for some time agent 
for the Confederate Government in Europe. Col. McRae says in 
a letter of March 15, 1876, "I regard Mr. Townsend's work as 
one of wonderful value. It really contains a better source of 
supply for a history of the war than simply the ofiicial records, 
for he has many (the minutest often of those) and in addition his 
cotemporaneous journalistic narrative, data and statistics, worked 
up with such elaborate and sj^stematic method and detail, iifibrds 
every facility for accurate history. Its fairness, impartiality and 
completeness cannot be too highly extolled." The system upon 
which it is prepared, is so philosophic and comprehensive, that 



the best critics in tlie land have expressed their admiration. The 
novelty of the plan, its admirable arrangement for ready reference 
evinces a degree of genius, as well as of patient, sagacious and 
persevering labor that should secure for the compiler a degree of 
appreciation and of pecuniary recompense commensurate with 
the unique and important service he has rendered to the truth 
of history and to the annals of his country. 

THE RECORD 

was commenced on the 1st of December, 1860, and is completed 
to December 1st, 1870, and numljers nearly one hundred volumes, 
of 600 pages each, embracing as much printed matter as could 
be j^laced in about one thousand volumes of ordinary octavo 
size; and if the columns, which number four to a page, were 
arranged in a continuous line, they would measure 75 miles. 
Each volume of the Record contains everything relating directly 
or indirectly to the great conflict that has appeared in the New 
York Herald^ Tiviea^ Trihime, World, Daily Neivs, Express, Com- 
mercial, Post, Boston Journal, and other newspaper^ for one 
month, arranged in chronological order. The volumes are hand- 
somely bound in calfskin, and labeled with the year, month 
and number of each. The Eecord comprises everything — not 
merely down to the end of battle-fields, but to the close of the 
equally important strife connected with the re-organization of the 
Union by the re-admission of the Seceded States in 1870 ; and it 
also includes whatever relates to matters connected with the decade 
ending 1870, that has appeared up to this time (1876). 

It is essential to remember that an immense mass of informa- 
tion concerning the origin, progress and consequences of the war, 
and of individuals prominent in public affairs during that period, 
has been attainable only since the close of the war, as it has 
been elicited by discussions in Congress, in historical societies, in 
controversies between persons engaged on both sides, in contri- 
butions to magazines b}^ persons who. were prominent in various 
positions, and in the copious extracts by the Press from Sherman's 
Memoirs and other publications. Proper regard for the truth 
of history — for justice to all sides — renders it indispensable 
that all such matters should be fully included in the Record. 



9 

There has not been a topic, discussed, nor has an occurrence 
transpired of the slightest national moment, whereof the Eecord 
does not contain almost every account which may have been 
published at the time, or has appeared concerning it up to 1876. 
The preparation of this RECORD, in a mechanical point of view, 
is a wander of manipulation and skill, and aftbrds a collection 
of material far surpassing, in point of convenience for handling, 
to bound files of papers, yet of comparaiivelij little utility alone 
for actual service. 

Gigantic as the undertaking was to collect and arrange the 
vast mass of material in the volumns of the Eecord, it was the 
least laborious portion of the work — only one-tenth of the time 
of the compiler having been occupied upon it, while nine-tenths 
have been devoted to the Encyclopedia, which is an analysis 
of, and ojuide to the contents of this immense collection. To 
study the history of any particular subject by means of the 
Eecord alone would be impossible. Therefore, in order to make 
this great mass of information available, the compiler decided 
that the mercantile princijAe of keeping accounts was the true one — 
to regard his Eecord in the light of a merchant's day-book, then 
to journalize the contents of the Eecord, and from the journals 
to redistribute the entries to their appropriate departments in 
what a merchant would call his ledger, but which the compiler 
calls the Encyclopedia. To journalize the contents of the 
Eecord requires a volume of 600 pages, to comprise an epitome 
of each of the one hundred volumes of the Eecord. 

Every event of the struggle, however minute, every fact, state- 
ment, assertion or opinion in a speech, lette]', report or editorial 
is separately entered from the Eecord into these Journals, with 
references to volume, page and column of the Eecord where 
they may be found. The Eecord therefore, is the grand reser- 
voir of information — the Journals serve as the medium for con- 
densing and grouping the contents of the Eecord and collecting 
the material for the preparation of the Fncyclopcedia. After the 
entries are systematically transferred to the various departments 
in the Encyclopaedia, the Journals have served their purpose, and 
are of no ftirther use. 



10 

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 

We now come to the most im}>ortaiit part of this vast work. 
The Encyclopaedia is not an Index : but a compilation — a com- 
pendium and perfect digest of the Recoi'd — a statement of each 
subject, so that the manifold and intricate episodes of the war — 
its origin, progress and consequences, can be developed instanta- 
neously, whether the subject relates to military matters or finance, 
foreign relations, State fidelity or individual patriotism, by word 
or deed. " Here are materials for writing a history of the Civil 
War," said the Ne^v York Evening Post^ "more accurate and 
circumstancial than was ever written of any war that was ever 
waged." No index or file of newspapers in existence could ac- 
complish anything of the kind or render the historian any such 
practical benefit. 

In the Encyclopaedia a history of every Regiment in the Union 
Army, and a large number of those in the confederate, will be 
found fully and impartially given — when and where raised ; how 
officered ; in what battles engaged ; what losses they sufl'ered, 
and what amount of glory or the reverse achieved. Every list 
of killed, wounded, and prisoners ; of invalids in hospitals, and 
of those who have perished from disease, has been collated, ana- 
lyzed, and as far as possible, systematized, so that the fate of each 
individual can be readily ascertained. As an indication of the 
value of these Regimental Records, the following recent letter 
from Mr. R. R. Knapp to Mr. Townsend, will suffice to prove 
their importance. 

" I have to thank you for the valuable information received 
through your Encyclopaedia regarding B. B. Kennedy, formerly 
of Company E, 6th U. S. Cavalry. He is suffering from a wound 
received in 1862, and is refused a pension because he is unable 
to prove that he was wounded at Slatersville. I myself, a mem- 
ber of his company was away on detached duty at the time, and 
can only testify to my knowledge and belief — others of the com- 
mand are scattered, no one knows where ; the officer in command 
of the company at the time is out of the service, and all letters 
fail to reach him, and but for your valuable information — even 
to day and date, this man who well deserves the pension of his 



11 

Governnu'iit, might die for the need of it. Again 1 tluudv you, 
and trust jou may receive tlie just reward for your untiring ef- 
forts to preserve for the country such a minute and clear history 
of the war of the Rebellion." 

The N'avy, and every known ship and mariner belonging to it? 
meets with the same amount of minute and honorable mention. 
Officers and men of botli branches of the public service, dead aud 
living, privates as well as officers, whose names have received 
honorable mention in official reports, reports of newspaper cor- 
respondents, obituary notices, or in any other way in which the 
press has afforded information, have their names and deeds in- 
scribed in that section of the Encyclopaedia devoted to the 
" Roll of Honor." The aim of the compiler has thus been to res- 
cue from oblivion the noble deeds of the more humble, but 
equally meritorious, among the lower officers, and in the rank 
and file. 

Those who have been guilty of brutal or dishonorable acts will 
find themselves handed down to an equal though less enviable 
immortality.. 

The subject of Privateering, including the Alabama Claims, 
has its special department, as well as the Blockade. Speeches, 
Letters, Reports, Messages, Coi-respondence, Proclamations, Ec- 
clesiastical Documents, &c., from all sections of the Union, can 
be found as readily as a name can be found in the Directory. 
The Editorials of the Press are all arranged by subjects, and 
appear chronologically in connection with the departments of the 
Encyclopaedia to which they relate. Every State in the Union, 
the Territories and the Indians, and the Invasion of Mexico, 
have their separate divisions. 

The Secret History of the Rebellion, Captured Correspondence, 
and new and valuable information concerning the early history 
of our countr}', will be found under the head of " Historical 
References," and number several thousand. The various branches 
of the General Government have each their special departments — 
Executive — Congressional— State — Treasiuy — War and Navy — ^ 
and the same is applicable to the "Confederate Government." 



12 

As an indication of the completeness of the Governmental 
Eecords, the following letter from the late Chief Justice Chase 
to Mr. Townsend will doubtless be conclusive evidence : "The 
voluminous abstract of matters connected with the Treasury dur- 
ing my administration, contained in your valuable compilation 
is admirably prepared, and I hope the work itself will find 
an appreciation which it so justly merits." An examination of 
the Record of the State Department and our Foreign Relations, 
prompted the Hon. Horatio Seymour to say : " Your Record is 
not only necessary to the historian, but it will be of great value 
to our Grovernment in the event of Avar or hostile complications 
with other nations." Every general officer in the Union army as 
well as in the Confederate, has his individual record, where will 
be found all statements made publicly by him or made about 
him. 

In short, nothing has been omitted that can afford one particle 
of information to whoever now or hereafter may seek to learn 
the history of any individual or event connected directly or in- 
directly with the story of our sad and sanguinary civil war, and 
it might be called the "Doomsday Book" of our Nation's His- 
tory for the last decade. 

The Encyclopaedia, when completed, will number 25 volumes, 
of 1200 Images each, equal in size to the largest bank ledger ; 
elegantly bound in Russia leather, and containing three hundred 
thousand references. 

THE INDEX 

to the departments of the ENCYCLOPiEDiA is comprised in one 
volume, and "this Index said the late Dr. Cogswell, the organi- 
zer and first Superintendent of the Astor Library, " renders the 
entire work as easy to be consulted as if it were comprised in a 
single volume." As the opinions of no gentleman in any country 
are wortliier of more earnest consideration than those uttered by 
Dr. Cagswell, the following additional extracts from his letter in 
regard to the practical utility and importance of the work are 
respectfully submitted. 



13 

— " Its plan is excellent, and its execution, so far as I could 
judge from the time I was able to give to ii, faithful and tJtorough. 
As a chronological and synchronous record it is more minute and 
more authentic than could be formed in any other way. The 
manifest labor, time and cost which must have been bestowed 
upon this great work warrant the inference that it will not be 
duplicated. With many thanks for the opportunity ajBforded me 
of inspecting this rich and truly wonderful record of the monster 
Eebellion, I am truly and respectfully yours, 

(Signed) Joseph G. Cogswell. 

After an examination of the Index, the Rev. Henry W. Bel- 
lews wrote the following letter to Mr. Townscnd : 

" I have looked through the volume you were kind enough to 
send for my inspection with extreme admiration and amazement 
at the labor and pains expended upon it. Considered only as an 
index of the vast work you have so nearly concluded, it fur- 
nishes a worthy and beautiful portal for the magnificent temple 
you have built in memory of the countless events, great and 
small, of our late momentous civil war. Indicating the compre- 
hensiveness, thoroughness and minuteness of your Record, it 
gives only a pregnant hint of what your ponderous monogram 
contains. That you should have had the courage to conceive it 
is less remarkable than that you have had the patience to carry it 
so nearly through without bating" a jot of the precision of your 
costly plan. The beauty of the chirography is itself a tribute to 
the honor you pay your own work, and it deserves the shining 
garments in which you have clothed it. I have never seen any 
writing carried through so enormous a space without somewhere 
degenerating into carelessness ; but your last page is as fresh and 
comely as the first, showing an artist's love of perfection. As to 
the order, skill and convenience with which the Index is pre- 
pared, my lack of critical knowledge is the only limit to my ad- 
miration and praise. It is alarming to think that so precious a 
work exists only in a single copy. You have done all that is 
possible to make that perfect. ' It is one, but a lion !' 

" That the public may some day more fully appreciate your, 
persistent toil and exemplary courage is my heartfelt wish and 



14 



hope ; but you have your best rewai-d in the service you have 
done your country, be it recognized or not." 

"It has been a labor of love with tlie author," said the 
New York Herald^ "for otherwise he could never have toiled 
on for years as he has done, without any encouragement except 
the knowledge of the benefit he was conferring on mankind." 

Mr. Townsend has thus far devoted sixteen years of his life to 
this undertaking, and expended upon it as many thousand dollars 
of his own resources, and he very justly considers that having 
devoted the best part of his life to an enterprise pronounced by 
leading men of all parties and professions of such great national 
importance, that pecuniary assistance should be afforded to 
enable him to devote the remaining few j'ears necessary for its 
completion. With this object in view, it was resolved at a meet- 
ing of prominent citizens, held at the Society Libi'ary Building, 
some time since, that it is in the interest of history — that great 
guide of humanity — that the labors so long and perseveringly 
carried on should be brought to a successful termination, and in 
aid of the accomplishment of this object, the following named 
gentlemen have contributed sums of iPi|ft$©0 and $100 each, to 
promote the public interests by helping Mr. Townsend to com- 
plete the work. These gentlemen expressing in the subscription 
paper their appreciation of the great service he has rendered to 
the cause of history, and as an evidence that his fellow-citizens 
are not ungrateful towards those who originate and carry out 
enterprises resulting in a great public good." 



Ex. Gov. JOHN A. DIX, 

" HORATIO SRYMOUR. 

Chief Justice S. P. CHASE, 

Gen. ALEX. S. WEBB, 
" CHARLES C. DODGE, 
" GEO. B. McCLELLAN, • 

Hon. FREDERIC De PEYSTKU. 
" OSWALD OTTENDORFER, 

Mr. PETER COOPER, 

Professor S. F. B. MORSE, 

Hon. CYRUS W. FIELD, 
'■ A. A. LOW, 
" S. B. (IHITTENDEN, 
" MARSHAL 0. ROBEBTS. 
•■ MOSES TAYLOR, 
" GEORGE OPDYKP:, 
" WM. F. ITAVEMEYER, 

Mr. HENRY HAVEMEYER, 



Hon. C. GODFKEY GUNTHER, 
Col. FRANK E. HOWE, 
Hon. WILSON G. HUNT, 
Mr JOHN DAVID WOLFE, 

" JOHN P. TOWNSEND, 

" S. L. M. BARLOW, 

•■ B. H. HUTTON, 

" WM. F. CARY, 
Hon. WM. E. DODGE, 
Mr. THEODORE ROESEVELT, 

" SAMUEL L. MITCHELL, 
Col. JOHN JACOB ASTOR, 
Mr. ADRiAN ISELIN, 

'• PETER TOWNSEND, 

" EDWARD COOPER, 

" .JOHN TAYLOR JOHNSON. 



15 

The names of all contributors are inscribed, on Memorial 
Tablets to be connected with the Liljrary, so that the American 
people may know what citizens aided in the completion of this 
great work, " which future ages will prize as one of the chief 
memorials of the first century of American Independence," and 
the veneration with which society remembers the prominent men 
who in any wise aided the patriotic cause during our Revolution- 
ary Era, clearly indicates that these Tablets will acquire increas- 
ing respect as time rolls by, in the estimation of the public, as 
well as of the families and descendants of the contributors. 

I trust you will concur in the patriotic and generous feeling 
of the gentlemen above mentioned, and that you will feel dis- 
posed to unite with them in promoting the object, by sending 
your check to my care, made payable to the order of Mr. Thomas 
S. Townsend, for whatever sum it may be agreeable for you to 
contribute, and the same will be promptly acknowledged by the 
comj3iler. 

Respectfully yours, 

JOHN IRVING, 

Society Library Building, 
67 University Place, New York. 



^r-C^yu 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



012 195 783 8 




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